Astrogeomanity Museum & Academy
🦕 9. Jurassic & Cretaceous Periods – The Age of Dinosaurs and Their Extinction
1
🔥 קרנוטאורוס – דינוזאור טורף מהיר 🧬🌍
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Carnotaurus sastrei
Period: ⏳
~72–69 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
South America (Argentina) 🌍
Type: 🧾
Theropod Dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Carnotaurus 🦖 was a medium-large carnivorous dinosaur from the Abelisaur family 🧬.
Its body was narrow and relatively light 🧩, with long, strong hind legs that allowed it to run at extremely high speeds.
One of its most prominent features are the small horns above its eyes ⚠️, which gave it a unique appearance and may have been used for fighting between individuals or for display.
Its head was short but powerful, with sharp jaws and serrated teeth suitable for tearing flesh 🦴.
Its arms were very small and relatively atrophied 🧬, even smaller than those of the Tyrannosaurus.
Studies indicate that his skin was covered with scales and even small bony protrusions.
Carnotaurus was a fast predator that lived in open areas, hunting other dinosaurs.
🌍 Where is it located?
Argentina 🌍
South America 🌍
📚 Sources – Ankylosaurus **
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ankylosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (2004)
Ankylosaur armor studies
Arbour, V.M. (2017)
Tail club evolution
🌍 General information
Ankylosaurus was one of the most heavily armored dinosaurs.
and lived at the end of the Cretaceous period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies that examine
How powerful was the use of the tail as a weapon?
💡 Hypotheses
The tail may also have been used for fighting between individuals.
And not just for protection from predators
2
🦖🦴 תריזינוזאורוס – דינוזאור עם טפרים עצומים 🧬🌍
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Therizinosaurus cheloniformis
Period: ⏳
~70 million years (Upper Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
Mongolia 🌍
Type: 🧾
Theropod Dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Therizinosaurus 🦖 was an unusual dinosaur from the therizinosaur group, close to theropods but with very unique characteristics 🧬.
Its body was relatively large and bulky 🧩, with a long neck and a small head.
Its most striking feature is the long, enormous claws on its hands ⚠️, which could reach a length of more than a meter.
Despite its theropod origins, it was probably a plant eater 🌿, using its claws to pull branches and leaves.
It may have been covered in feathers 🧬, similar to its evolutionary relatives.
Its hind legs were strong but relatively slow, and it was probably not a fast runner.
The claws were also used for protection against predators 🦴.
🌍 Where is it located?
Mongolia 🌍
Asia 🌍
📚 Sources – Ankylosaurus **
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ankylosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (2004)
Ankylosaur armor studies
Arbour, V.M. (2017)
Tail club evolution
🌍 General information
Ankylosaurus was one of the most heavily armored dinosaurs.
and lived at the end of the Cretaceous period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies that examine
How powerful was the use of the tail as a weapon?
💡 Hypotheses
The tail may also have been used for fighting between individuals.
And not just for protection from predators
3
🦖 אנקילוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Ankylosaurus magniventris Ankylosaurus
Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Armored dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Ankylosaurus was a heavy dinosaur 🐾
With a very low and wide body 🧩
His body was covered in thick armor plates ⚠️
who protected him from predators
There were bumps and spines along its back and sides.
who strengthened his defense
The most prominent feature is the tail with a heavy crest 🦴
Which served as a powerful weapon for defense
His head was low and wide.
With a horned beak for eating plants 🌿
He was a slow plant eater.
But well protected from predators 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Forests and plains 🌳
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Ankylosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ankylosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (2004)
Ankylosaur armor studies
Arbour, V.M. (2017)
Tail club evolution
🌍 General information
Ankylosaurus was one of the most heavily armored dinosaurs.
and lived at the end of the Cretaceous period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies that examine
How powerful was the use of the tail as a weapon?
💡 Hypotheses
The tail may also have been used for fighting between individuals.
And not just for protection from predators
4
🦖 אאופלוצפלוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Euoplocephalus tutus Euoplocephalus tutus
Period: ⏳
~76–67 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Armored dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
The Euplocephalus was a heavy dinosaur 🐾
With a low, wide and very protected body 🧩
His body was covered in thick armor plates ⚠️
With many bumps and spines along the back
His head was especially armored.
With a strong bony structure for protection
Its most prominent feature is its tail with hard bristles 🦴
Which was used as a weapon against predators
His legs were short and strong.
Adapted for slow but steady movement
He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on low vegetation
Considered one of the most well-preserved dinosaurs
During the Cretaceous period 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Forests and plains 🌳
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Euoplocephalus
🔬 Scientific sources
Royal Tyrrell Museum
https://tyrrellmuseum.com
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Euoplocephalus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Arbour, V.M. (2010)
Ankylosaur systematics
Coombs, W. (1978)
Ankylosaur research
🌍 General information
The Euplocephalus was one of the most common of the armored dinosaurs.
and lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether different species of ankylosaurs
They are actually the same type.
💡 Hypotheses
The armor and tail may also have evolved for communication
And to identify between individuals
5
🦕 אפטוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Apatosaurus ajax Apatosaurus
Period: ⏳
~152–151 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Sauropod Dinosaur 🦕
🧾 Description
The Apatosaurus was a huge dinosaur 🐾
With a massive body and a very long neck 🧩
Its long neck was used to reach tall vegetation 🌿
Like leaves from tree branches
His legs were thick and strong ⚠️
Adapted to carry enormous weight
His tail was extremely long 🦴
And perhaps it was used for balance or protection.
His head was small compared to his body.
With simple teeth for eating plants
He was a slow plant eater.
And move in herds for protection 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Open forests 🌳
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Apatosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Apatosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Upchurch, P. (2004)
Sauropod evolution
Taylor, M. (2011)
Neck function in sauropods
🌍 General information
Apatosaurus was one of the largest dinosaurs.
During the Jurassic period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether Brontosaurus is a separate genus.
Or that dinosaur
💡 Hypotheses
May have lived in large herds
To protect against predators
6
🦖 פכיצפלוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis
Period: ⏳
~70–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Ornithopod Dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Pachycephalosaurus was a bipedal dinosaur 🐾
With a relatively light body and a long tail for stability 🧩
Its most notable feature is an extremely thick skull ⚠️
which can reach a thickness of several centimeters
He may have used his head for punches 🦴
In fights between males or for defense
His body was covered in small bumps.
And maybe also in the decorations around the head
His hind legs were strong.
And fit for a fast run
He was a plant eater 🌿
But it may also have eaten insects or a variety of food.
Considered one of the most unique dinosaurs
In the structure of his skull 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Forests and open areas 🌳
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Pachycephalosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Pachycephalosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Goodwin, M. (2009)
Pachycephalosaur behavior
Horner, J. (2001)
Dinosaur social behavior
🌍 General information
Pachycephalosaurus lived at the end of the Cretaceous period.
And was among the last dinosaurs before the great extinction.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether headbutts were common.
Or was the skull just for display?
💡 Hypotheses
May have been used for visual communication
And a demonstration of power between individuals
7
🦕 דיפלודוקוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Diplodocus longus Diplodocus
Period: ⏳
~154–152 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Sauropod Dinosaur 🦕
🧾 Description
The Diplodocus was a giant dinosaur 🐾
With a very long body and an extremely thin neck and tail 🧩
Its long neck was used to reach low and medium vegetation 🌿
Unlike other sauropods
Its tail was very long and whip-like ⚠️
And perhaps it was used for defense or communication.
Its body was relatively light for sauropods.
Which allowed him to move more efficiently
His legs were strong but relatively thin.
Suitable for prolonged walking
His head was very small.
With fine teeth for eating soft plants
He was a plant eater 🌿
and probably moves in herds
🌍 Where is it located?
Open plains 🌳
Sparse forests 🌿
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Diplodocus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Diplodocus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Taylor, M. (2011)
Sauropod neck evolution
Upchurch, P. (2004)
Diplodocid dinosaurs
🌍 General information
Diplodocus was one of the longest dinosaurs.
Who lived in the Jurassic period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about how to hold the neck.
And was it raised or horizontal?
💡 Hypotheses
The tail may have been used to produce sounds.
or as protection against predators
8
🦕 Brachiosaurus
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Brachiosaurus altithorax
Period: ⏳
~154–153 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Sauropod Dinosaur 🦕
🧾 Description
Brachiosaurus was a huge dinosaur 🐾
With an extremely tall body and a very long neck 🧩
Unlike other sauropods, its front legs were longer ⚠️
Which caused his body to be tilted upwards
Its neck was used to reach the tops of tall trees 🌿
And for eating leaves at high altitude
His head was relatively small.
With teeth suitable for chewing vegetation
His body was very massive.
And adapted to carry enormous weight
Its tail was short compared to other sauropods 🦴
He was a plant eater 🌿
and is considered one of the tallest dinosaurs
🌍 Where is it located?
Open forests 🌳
Areas rich in vegetation 🌿
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Brachiosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Brachiosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Taylor, M. (2011)
Sauropod posture
Upchurch, P. (2004)
Sauropod classification
🌍 General information
Brachiosaurus was one
9
🦖 Styracosaurus Triceratops
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Styracosaurus albertensis
Period: ⏳
~75 million years (Upper Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America (Canada) 🌍
Type: 🧾
Ceratopsian dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
The Styracosaurus was a large dinosaur 🐾
With a massive body and an especially impressive head 🧩
Its most prominent feature is its long horns ⚠️
protruding from the posterior crown of the skull
He also had a big horn on his nose 🦴
Used for defense or battles
The crown (collar) was also used for protection.
And also for display between details
His body was heavy and strong.
Adapted to life on four legs
He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on low vegetation
May have lived in herds
For protection against predators
🌍 Where is it located?
Open plains 🌳
Areas rich in vegetation 🌿
Canada 🌍
📚 Sources – Styracosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Royal Tyrrell Museum
https://tyrrellmuseum.com
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Styracosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Sampson, S. (1995)
Ceratopsian evolution
Dodson, P. (1996)
Horned dinosaurs
🌍 General information
Styracosaurus was one of the most impressive horned dinosaurs.
During the Cretaceous period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the horns.
Is it for protection or display?
💡 Hypotheses
They may have been used to attract mates.
or to identify between individuals
10
🦖 צנטרוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Centrosaurus apertus Centrosaurus apertus
Period: ⏳
~76–75 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America (Canada) 🌍
Type: 🧾
Ceratopsian dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Centrosaurus was a medium-sized dinosaur 🐾
With a strong body and a specially decorated head 🧩
Its most prominent feature is the large horn on its nose ⚠️
which was long and protruding forward
Unlike Triceratops, the horns above the eyes were smaller.
But the back crown was wide and decorated
The crown may have been used for display 🦴
And to identify between individuals
His body was heavy.
and adapted to walking on four legs
He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on low vegetation
Many fossils were found in large groups.
Which indicates that it lives in herds 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Open plains and forests 🌳
Canada 🌍
📚 Sources – Centrosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Royal Tyrrell Museum
https://tyrrellmuseum.com
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Centrosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Ryan, M. (2005)
Ceratopsian diversity
Sampson, S. (1995)
Horned dinosaurs
🌍 General information
Centrosaurus was one of the most common ceratopsians.
And lived in large herds
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate about the role of the crown and the crown
Is it for protection or display?
💡 Hypotheses
They may have been used to attract mates.
And for social media
11
🐌💙✨ דרקון כחול – יופי מסוכן צף 🧬🌊
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Triceratops horridus Triceratops
Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Ceratopsian dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
The Triceratops was a large dinosaur 🐾
With a heavy body and a huge, impressive head 🧩
Its most prominent feature is its three horns ⚠️
Two long horns above the eyes and one on the nose
Plus he had a big crown 🦴
Used for protection and display
His body was very massive.
and adapted to walking on four legs
The horns were used for protection against predators.
Like a tyrannosaurus
He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on tough vegetation
Considered one of the last dinosaurs
Before the Great Extinction 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Plains and forests 🌳
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Triceratops
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Triceratops
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Dodson, P. (1996)
Horned dinosaurs
Farke, A. (2006)
Ceratopsian behavior
🌍 General information
Triceratops was one of the most common dinosaurs.
At the end of the Cretaceous
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether the horns were primarily used for defense.
Or also for social display
💡 Hypotheses
They may have been used for fights between individuals.
And for choosing partners
12
🦖 סטגוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Stegosaurus stenops Stegosaurus
Period: ⏳
~155–150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Location: 📍
North America 🌍
Type: 🧾
Stegosaurus Dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
The Stegosaurus was a large dinosaur 🐾
With a heavy body and relatively short legs 🧩
Its most prominent feature is the large plates on its back ⚠️
which were arranged in two rows
The boards may have been used for heat regulation 🦴
Or for display and deterrence
At the end of its tail were four sharp spikes.
Which served as an effective defensive weapon
His head was very small in relation to his body.
With a relatively small brain
He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on low vegetation
Considered one of the most unique dinosaurs
In his body structure 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Plains and forests 🌳
North America 🌍
📚 Sources – Stegosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Stegosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (1998)
Stegosaur studies
Fastovsky, D. (2005)
Dinosaur biology
🌍 General information
The Stegosaurus lived during the Jurassic period.
and was one of the most recognizable dinosaurs
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the boards.
Is it for temperature regulation or display?
💡 Hypotheses
They may also have been used to identify individuals.
Or to scare away predators
13
🦖 Velociraptor – Fossil and Reconstruction
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Velociraptor mongoliensis
Period: ⏳
~75–71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
Mongolia and China 🌍
Type: 🧾
Predatory theropod dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Holociraptor was a small, fast dinosaur 🧬
His body was light and thin.
Adapted for fast running ⚡
His hind legs were very strong.
With a large, curved claw ⚠️
This claw was used for hunting.
and to harm the prey
His hands had three fingers 🦴
Probably with feathers
He had feathers 🪶
Similar to modern birds
He was a predator 🥩
and feeds on small animals
Considered one of the smartest dinosaurs
And the fastest 🌍
🦴 The fossil
Velociraptor fossils found in the Gobi Desert 🏜️
Saved due to fast sandstorms
that quickly covered the body
In the fossilization process 🧬
The tissues were replaced with minerals.
Almost complete skeletons were found
Includes claws and skull
A particularly famous fossil shows
Velociraptor fights Protoceratops ⚠️
These fossils are very important.
Understanding dinosaur behavior
The showcase displays:
Fossilized skeleton 🦴
And the restoration of the animal 🦖
🪶 The Restoration
The reconstruction shows the Holociraptor alive
Based on real skeletons
And on evidence of feathers
The colors are hairs 🎨
But the structure is accurate.
The combination of fossil and reconstruction
Allows for a full understanding of creation
🌍 Where is it located?
Deserts 🌵
Dry areas 🌍
Asia
📚 Sources – Velociraptor
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Stegosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Studies
Turner, A. et al.
Norell, M.
🌍 General information
Holociraptor was much smaller.
From representations in films
⚠️ Scientific discussion
It may have been completely covered in feathers.
💡 Hypotheses
May hunt in groups
14
🦖 אינדומינוס רקס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Indominus rex Indominus rex
Period: ⏳
Fictional work (Modern world – films)
Location: 📍
Jurassic World (Isla Nublar) 🌍
Type: 🧾
Genetically modified hybrid dinosaur 🧬🦖
🧾 Description
The Indominus Rex is a fictional creature 🐾
Genetically engineered in a laboratory 🧩
It is a combination of several dinosaurs.
Including Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor and others ⚠️
His body is very large and strong.
With the structure of a super predator
His teeth are extremely sharp 🦴
And adapted for tearing meat
He had special abilities.
Like partial camouflage and color change
In addition, he had high intelligence.
Similar to a Velociraptor 🧠
His behavior was very aggressive.
And difficult to control
It is considered one of the most dangerous creatures.
In the Jurassic World series 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Jurassic World Park 🌿
Isla Nublar 🌍
📚 Sources – Indominus rex
🔬 Scientific sources (fiction)
Jurassic World Official Database
https://www.jurassicworld.com
Universal Studios
📖 Information from movies
Jurassic World (2015)
Jurassic World Evolution (Game)
🌍 General information
The Indominus Rex was created to attract an audience
And create a dinosaur that is "more impressive" than the real ones
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is no real scientific basis for such a creature.
And it is considered completely fictional.
💡 Hypotheses
The character reflects concerns about genetic engineering
and mastery of advanced technology
15
🦖 Compsognathus
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Compsognathus longipes Compsognathus longipes
Period: ⏳
~150 million years (Upper Jurassic)
Location: 📍
Europe (Germany, France) 🌍
Type: 🧾
Small theropod dinosaur 🦖
🧾 Description
Compsognathus was a very small dinosaur 🐾
One of the smallest discovered 🧩
His body was light and thin.
Adapted for fast running
His tail was very long ⚠️
and used to maintain balance
His hind legs were strong.
And adapt to fast traffic
His hands were small with claws 🦴
Used to capture prey
His teeth were sharp.
Adapted for eating small animals
He was a predator 🥩
and feeds on lizards and small creatures
Considered a very agile dinosaur
In its ecosystem 🌍
🦴 Explanation of the fossil
The fossil of Compsognathus represents a skeleton preserved in sedimentary rock 🪨
After his death, his body was quickly covered in fine sediment.
In a process called fossilization 🧬
The organic materials were replaced by minerals.
This is how the bone structure is preserved in detail.
Includes spine, tail, and limbs
Compsognathus fossils are among the most complete
Therefore, they are very important for scientific research.
The showcase displays two forms of representation:
Fossilized skeleton 🦴
And the restoration of the living animal 🦖
This also allows us to understand the anatomical structure.
And also the original appearance of the dinosaur
🌍 Where is it located?
Coastal areas 🌊
Ancient Islands 🌿
Europe 🌍
📚 Sources – Compsognathus
🔬 Scientific sources
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Compsognathus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Ostrom, J. (1978)
Small theropods
Peyer, B. (2006)
Compsognathus fossils
🌍 General information
Compsognathus was one of the smallest dinosaurs.
And lived in the Jurassic period
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies examining the relationship
Between him and early birds
💡 Hypotheses
It may have been partially feathered.
16
🦖👑 טירנוזאורוס רקס – מלך הדינוזאורים 🧬🌍
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Tyrannosaurus rex Tyrannosaurus rex
Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌎
Type: 🧾
Predatory Dinosaur – Theropod 🦖
🧾 Description
Tyrannosaurus Rex was one of the largest predators 🦖
He had a very big head 🦷
With strong, sharp teeth
Its jaw was one of the strongest in the animal world.
And could crush bones
Walked on two legs 🐾
With strong hind legs
His front hands were very small.
But strong
Its long tail helped it maintain balance.
Considered a predator
At the end of the food chain 🌍
🦴 Fossil (skeleton)
Tyrannosaurus skeletons were found in relatively good condition 🦴
Fossils allow us to understand:
✔ Body structure
✔ Bite force
✔ The form of movement
Complete skeletons are displayed in museums
and constitute a major source of research
🌍 Where is it located?
Terrestrial areas with rivers and forests 🌳
In a relatively warm environment
📚 Sources – Tyrannosaurus rex
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Tyrannosaurus rex
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Osborn, H.F. (1905)
Tyrannosaurus rex: description of a new genus
🌍 General information
Tyrannosaurus Rex lived about 68–66 million years ago.
And was one of the last dinosaurs before the extinction of the dinosaurs.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether it was an active predator.
Or also carrion eater
💡 Hypotheses
He may have been both a hunter and a scavenger.
Depending on the occasion
17
🦡 יורמאיה סיננסיס – יונק קדום
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Juramaia sinensis Juramaia sinensis
Period: ⏳
~160 million years (Upper Jurassic)
Location: 📍
China 🇨🇳 (Tiaojishan Formation)
Type: 🧾
An ancient mammal – one of the first in the group of placental mammals 🐾
🧾 Description
Jeremiah sinensis is one of the earliest known mammals 🧬
His body was very small, resembling a mouse 🐁
Adapted to life in trees 🌳
He had sharp claws 🐾
That helped him climb and hold on to the branches
The structure of his teeth 🦷
Indicates a diet of insects and perhaps also small plants 🐜🌿
Its anatomical structure shows
An early stage in the development of placental mammals
Considered an important ancestor
of the group of modern mammals, including humans 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Dense, humid forests 🌳
With a warm climate and rich vegetation
Living alongside dinosaurs 🦖
During the Jurassic period
📚 Sources – Juramaia sinensis
🔬 Scientific sources
Nature Journal (2011) – A Jurassic eutherian mammal
https://www.nature.com
Smithsonian Institution – Early Mammals
https://humanorigins.si.edu
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Early Mammals
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Luo, Z.-X. et al. (2011)
A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals
🌍 General information
Yurmaia lived about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period,
and is considered one of the earliest placental mammals discovered.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy over its exact position in the evolutionary tree.
And does it indeed belong directly to the lineage of placental mammals?
💡 Hypotheses
Jeremiah may represent a very early stage
18
🧬 עוברים של דינוזאורים – מדע מול דמיון
📊 Scientific data
Name: 🧬
Dinosaur embryos (representations)
Dinosaurs: 🦖
Velociraptor
Tyrannosaurus
Triceratops Triceratops
Ankylosaurus Ankylosaurus
Brachiosaurus Brachiosaurus
Stegosaurus
Period: ⏳
Mesozoic Era
(Jurassic and Cretaceous)
Type: 🧾
Educational reconstructions – simulated specimens 🧪
🧾 Description
The specimens show dinosaur embryos 🥚
In a liquid, similar to laboratories
They are based on scientific inspiration.
But they are not real samples.
Real dinosaur embryos
Found only as fossils inside eggs
In theropods like Velociraptor 🦖
The embryo folds in a way similar to birds 🐦
In larger dinosaurs
Like a Brachiosaurus
The fetuses had very long necks.
In Triceratops and Ankylosaurus
The body was heavy and protected.
🎬 Fictional part – Jurassic Park
In the movie "Jurassic Park" 🎥
Scientists create dinosaurs
Using DNA found in amber 🧬
Embryos develop in the laboratory
Inside special liquids 🧪
⚠️ In reality:
Dinosaur DNA wasn't preserved long enough.
Therefore, they cannot be restored like this.
🧪 What is it really?
The samples are:
✔ Educational models
✔ Artistic restorations
✔ Imaging of embryos
Sometimes made of silicone or resin
Used for illustration in museums 🎓
📚 Sources
🔬 Nature - Dinosaur embryos
https://www.nature.com
Smithsonian - Dinosaur reproduction
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is ongoing research on
Embryonic development in dinosaurs
And the direct connection to birds
💡 Hypotheses
It is possible that the fetus's behavior
Before hatching
Same as that of modern birds
19
🦖 Dinosaur footprint – ichnofossil
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Ichnofossil – Dinosaur Track Footprint
Period: ⏳
Jurassic–Cretaceous (depending on the find)
Location: 📍
Global 🌍
Type: 🧾
Ichnofossil – Trace Fossil 🐾
🧾 Description
This is a dinosaur footprint 🦖
Preserved in rock for millions of years
Such imprints are created when
Dinosaur stepping on soft mud 🐾
And then the mud hardens
And turns into rock
The imprint shows three fingers 👣
Typical characteristic of theropod dinosaurs
such as Velociraptor or Tyrannosaurus
Imprints allow us to understand:
✔ How the dinosaur walked 🚶♂️
✔ What was its speed?
✔ Is moving in a group?
🌍 Where is it located?
Ancient areas of rivers and lakes 🌊
There the mud was preserved and hardened.
📚 Sources
🔬 Smithsonian – Dinosaur Tracks
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum – Trace fossils
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Trace Fossils
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Lockley, M. (1991)
Tracking Dinosaurs
🌍 General information
Ichnofossils are fossils of activity.
and not of the body itself
⚠️ Scientific discussion
Sometimes difficult to identify
Which dinosaur exactly created the imprint?
💡 Hypotheses
Such prints may have been created
By bipedal predatory dinosaurs
20
💀 Fossilized Skulls – Anatomical Comparison
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Vertebrata – fossil skulls (representations)
Period: ⏳
Variable – from the Mesozoic to the present day
Location: 📍
Global 🌍
Type: 🧾
Skulls / Anatomical reconstructions 💀
🧾 Description
The specimen shows a variety of small skulls 🦴
Each skull belongs to a different type of animal.
The structure of the skull varies depending on:
✔ Type of diet 🍽️
✔ Body structure 🧬
✔ Living environment 🌍
Skulls with long jaws
Indicative of predators 🐊
Short and wide skulls
Characteristics of herbivores 🐢
The structure of the eyes and jaw
Allows you to understand how the animal lives
🌍 Where is it located?
Such fossils are found in rocks.
or recreated in laboratories
📚 Sources
🔬 Smithsonian – Vertebrate Anatomy
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
📖 Research and publications
Romer, A. (1966)
Vertebrate Paleontology
🌍 General information
Skulls are one of the most important parts
To identify ancient animals
⚠️ Scientific discussion
Sometimes it is difficult to identify the exact gender
Only according to the skull
21
🦖 סטגוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Stegosaurus Stegosaurus
Period: ⏳
~155–150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)
Location: 📍
North America 🌎
Type: 🧾
Vegetarian Dinosaur – Ornithischian 🦕
🧾 Description
Stegosaurus was a large, slow dinosaur 🐢
Heavy and short-bodied
Walked on four legs 🐾
And was adapted to slow movement
Its most notable feature:
Large panels along the back 🛡️
They may have been used for defense.
Or to regulate body temperature 🌡️
His tail had sharp spikes ⚔️
Used for protection against predators
His head was very small 🧠
With a relatively small brain
Considered one of the most recognizable dinosaurs
From the Jurassic period 🌍
🌍 Where is it located?
Open areas with vegetation 🌿
And sparse forests 🌳
📚 Sources – Stegosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Stegosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Gilmore, C.W. (1914)
Osteology of Stegosaurus
🌍 General information
Stegosaurus lived about 155–150 million years ago during the Jurassic period,
And was one of the most prominent herbivorous dinosaurs.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the plates on his back.
Were they used for protection, heat regulation, or display?
💡 Hypotheses
The tablets may also have been used for visual communication.
Between individuals of the same species.
22
🦕 ברכיוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Brachiosaurus Brachiosaurus
Period: ⏳
~154–150 million years ago (Upper Jurassic)
Location: 📍
North America and Africa 🌍
Type: 🧾
Vegetarian Dinosaur – Sauropod 🦕
🧾 Description
Brachiosaurus was one of the largest dinosaurs 🐘
He had a very long neck 🦒
That allowed him to reach the treetops 🌳
His front legs were longer.
From the hind legs
This structure gave it high stability.
Similar to a giraffe
It feeds on tall plants 🌿
that other dinosaurs couldn't reach
Despite its enormous size
Be a vegetarian, not a carnivore.
🌍 Where is it located?
Open forests and areas with tall trees 🌳
In a hot and humid environment
📚 Sources – Brachiosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Brachiosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Riggs, E. S. (1903)
Structure and Relationships of Brachiosaurus
🌍 General information
Brachiosaurus lived about 154–150 million years ago during the Jurassic period,
and is considered one of the tallest dinosaurs that ever lived.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies on how he breathes.
And how did he manage to pump blood into his long neck?
💡 Hypotheses
The long neck may have been used
Also for display or communication
23
🦏 טריצרטופס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Triceratops Triceratops
Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌎
Type: 🧾
Vegetarian Dinosaur – Carnosauria 🦕
🧾 Description
Triceratops was a large, herbivorous dinosaur 🐢
It had three prominent horns 🦏
Two above the eyes and one on the nose.
His head was very big.
With a wide bone shield (Peril) 🛡️
The shield was used for protection.
And maybe also for display
He had a strong source 🦷
Which allowed him to eat tough plants 🌿
Walked on four legs 🐾
And he had a heavy and strong body.
🦴 Fossil (skull)
Triceratops skulls
Found in excellent condition 💀
They are among the most impressive fossils
The fossil allows us to understand:
✔ The structure of the horns
✔ Jaw strength
✔ Defense mechanisms
🌍 Where is it located?
Open areas with vegetation 🌿
And wide plains
📚 Sources – Triceratops
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Triceratops
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Marsh, O.C. (1889)
Discovery of Triceratops
🌍 General information
Triceratops lived about 68–66 million years ago.
And was one of the last dinosaurs before extinction.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the horns.
Whether they were used for defense or in fights between individuals
💡 Hypotheses
The horns may also have been used
For display and attracting mates
24
🦖 אקרוקנתוזאורוס
📊 Scientific data
Scientific name: 🧬
Acrocanthosaurus Acrocanthosaurus
Period: ⏳
~125–100 million years ago (Lower Cretaceous)
Location: 📍
North America 🌎
Type: 🧾
Predatory Dinosaur – Theropod 🦖
🧾 Description
Acrocanthosaurus was a large carnivorous dinosaur 🦖
He had a strong and muscular body 💪
With a big head and sharp teeth 🦷
Walked on two legs 🐾
And was an active hunter
Its most notable feature:
High spine along the back 🦴
This structure created a kind of "ridge"
Along the back
It may have been used for:
✔ Strong muscle connection
✔ Display
✔ Heat regulation
🦴 Fossil (skeleton)
Acrocanthosaurus skeletons found well 🦴
The fossils show:
✔ Unique back structure
✔ Body strength
✔ Hunting abilities
Skeletons are displayed in museums
and are used for important research
🌍 Where is it located?
Areas of forests and plains 🌳
In a hot and humid environment
📚 Sources – Acrocanthosaurus
🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk
Encyclopaedia Britannica – Acrocanthosaurus
https://www.britannica.com
📖 Research and publications
Stovall, JW & Langston, W. (1950)
Acrocanthosaurus description
🌍 General information
Acrocanthosaurus lived about 125–100 million years ago.
And he was one of the greatest predators of his time.
⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is research on the role of the upper spine.
And was it used for display or movement?
💡 Hypotheses
The ridge on the back may have served as
For visual communication between individuals
🔥 Summary of Showcase 9
The past is not gone—it is preserved in stone.
The display invites you to:
👉 Explore the world of dinosaurs
👉 Through the evidence left by nature