🦕 9. Jurassic & Cretaceous Periods – The Age of Dinosaurs and Their Extinction

1

🔥 קרנוטאורוס – דינוזאור טורף מהיר 🧬🌍

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Carnotaurus sastrei

Period: ⏳
~72–69 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
South America (Argentina) 🌍

Type: 🧾
Theropod Dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Carnotaurus 🦖 was a medium-large carnivorous dinosaur from the Abelisaur family 🧬.

Its body was narrow and relatively light 🧩, with long, strong hind legs that allowed it to run at extremely high speeds.

One of its most prominent features are the small horns above its eyes ⚠️, which gave it a unique appearance and may have been used for fighting between individuals or for display.

Its head was short but powerful, with sharp jaws and serrated teeth suitable for tearing flesh 🦴.

Its arms were very small and relatively atrophied 🧬, even smaller than those of the Tyrannosaurus.

Studies indicate that his skin was covered with scales and even small bony protrusions.

Carnotaurus was a fast predator that lived in open areas, hunting other dinosaurs.

🌍 Where is it located?

Argentina 🌍
South America 🌍

📚 Sources – Ankylosaurus **

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ankylosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (2004)
Ankylosaur armor studies
Arbour, V.M. (2017)
Tail club evolution

🌍 General information
Ankylosaurus was one of the most heavily armored dinosaurs.
and lived at the end of the Cretaceous period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies that examine
How powerful was the use of the tail as a weapon?

💡 Hypotheses
The tail may also have been used for fighting between individuals.
And not just for protection from predators

2

🦖🦴 תריזינוזאורוס – דינוזאור עם טפרים עצומים 🧬🌍

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Therizinosaurus cheloniformis

Period: ⏳
~70 million years (Upper Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
Mongolia 🌍

Type: 🧾
Theropod Dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Therizinosaurus 🦖 was an unusual dinosaur from the therizinosaur group, close to theropods but with very unique characteristics 🧬.

Its body was relatively large and bulky 🧩, with a long neck and a small head.

Its most striking feature is the long, enormous claws on its hands ⚠️, which could reach a length of more than a meter.

Despite its theropod origins, it was probably a plant eater 🌿, using its claws to pull branches and leaves.

It may have been covered in feathers 🧬, similar to its evolutionary relatives.

Its hind legs were strong but relatively slow, and it was probably not a fast runner.

The claws were also used for protection against predators 🦴.

🌍 Where is it located?

Mongolia 🌍
Asia 🌍

📚 Sources – Ankylosaurus **

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ankylosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (2004)
Ankylosaur armor studies
Arbour, V.M. (2017)
Tail club evolution

🌍 General information
Ankylosaurus was one of the most heavily armored dinosaurs.
and lived at the end of the Cretaceous period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies that examine
How powerful was the use of the tail as a weapon?

💡 Hypotheses
The tail may also have been used for fighting between individuals.
And not just for protection from predators

3

🦖 אנקילוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Ankylosaurus magniventris Ankylosaurus

Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Armored dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Ankylosaurus was a heavy dinosaur 🐾
With a very low and wide body 🧩

His body was covered in thick armor plates ⚠️
who protected him from predators

There were bumps and spines along its back and sides.
who strengthened his defense

The most prominent feature is the tail with a heavy crest 🦴
Which served as a powerful weapon for defense

His head was low and wide.
With a horned beak for eating plants 🌿

He was a slow plant eater.
But well protected from predators 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Forests and plains 🌳
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Ankylosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Ankylosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (2004)
Ankylosaur armor studies
Arbour, V.M. (2017)
Tail club evolution

🌍 General information
Ankylosaurus was one of the most heavily armored dinosaurs.
and lived at the end of the Cretaceous period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies that examine
How powerful was the use of the tail as a weapon?

💡 Hypotheses
The tail may also have been used for fighting between individuals.
And not just for protection from predators

4

🦖 אאופלוצפלוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Euoplocephalus tutus Euoplocephalus tutus

Period: ⏳
~76–67 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Armored dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

The Euplocephalus was a heavy dinosaur 🐾
With a low, wide and very protected body 🧩

His body was covered in thick armor plates ⚠️
With many bumps and spines along the back

His head was especially armored.
With a strong bony structure for protection

Its most prominent feature is its tail with hard bristles 🦴

Which was used as a weapon against predators

His legs were short and strong.
Adapted for slow but steady movement

He was a plant eater 🌿

and feeds on low vegetation

Considered one of the most well-preserved dinosaurs
During the Cretaceous period 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Forests and plains 🌳
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Euoplocephalus

🔬 Scientific sources
Royal Tyrrell Museum
https://tyrrellmuseum.com

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Euoplocephalus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Arbour, V.M. (2010)
Ankylosaur systematics
Coombs, W. (1978)
Ankylosaur research

🌍 General information
The Euplocephalus was one of the most common of the armored dinosaurs.
and lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether different species of ankylosaurs
They are actually the same type.

💡 Hypotheses
The armor and tail may also have evolved for communication
And to identify between individuals

5

🦕 אפטוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Apatosaurus ajax Apatosaurus

Period: ⏳
~152–151 million years ago (Late Jurassic)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Sauropod Dinosaur 🦕

🧾 Description

The Apatosaurus was a huge dinosaur 🐾
With a massive body and a very long neck 🧩

Its long neck was used to reach tall vegetation 🌿
Like leaves from tree branches

His legs were thick and strong ⚠️

Adapted to carry enormous weight

His tail was extremely long 🦴
And perhaps it was used for balance or protection.

His head was small compared to his body.
With simple teeth for eating plants

He was a slow plant eater.
And move in herds for protection 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Open forests 🌳
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Apatosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Apatosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Upchurch, P. (2004)
Sauropod evolution
Taylor, M. (2011)
Neck function in sauropods

🌍 General information
Apatosaurus was one of the largest dinosaurs.
During the Jurassic period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether Brontosaurus is a separate genus.
Or that dinosaur

💡 Hypotheses
May have lived in large herds
To protect against predators

6

🦖 פכיצפלוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis

Period: ⏳
~70–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Ornithopod Dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Pachycephalosaurus was a bipedal dinosaur 🐾
With a relatively light body and a long tail for stability 🧩

Its most notable feature is an extremely thick skull ⚠️

which can reach a thickness of several centimeters

He may have used his head for punches 🦴
In fights between males or for defense

His body was covered in small bumps.
And maybe also in the decorations around the head

His hind legs were strong.
And fit for a fast run

He was a plant eater 🌿

But it may also have eaten insects or a variety of food.

Considered one of the most unique dinosaurs
In the structure of his skull 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Forests and open areas 🌳
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Pachycephalosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Pachycephalosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Goodwin, M. (2009)
Pachycephalosaur behavior
Horner, J. (2001)
Dinosaur social behavior

🌍 General information
Pachycephalosaurus lived at the end of the Cretaceous period.
And was among the last dinosaurs before the great extinction.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether headbutts were common.
Or was the skull just for display?

💡 Hypotheses
May have been used for visual communication
And a demonstration of power between individuals

7

🦕 דיפלודוקוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Diplodocus longus Diplodocus

Period: ⏳
~154–152 million years ago (Late Jurassic)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Sauropod Dinosaur 🦕

🧾 Description

The Diplodocus was a giant dinosaur 🐾
With a very long body and an extremely thin neck and tail 🧩

Its long neck was used to reach low and medium vegetation 🌿

Unlike other sauropods

Its tail was very long and whip-like ⚠️
And perhaps it was used for defense or communication.

Its body was relatively light for sauropods.
Which allowed him to move more efficiently

His legs were strong but relatively thin.
Suitable for prolonged walking

His head was very small.
With fine teeth for eating soft plants

He was a plant eater 🌿
and probably moves in herds

🌍 Where is it located?

Open plains 🌳
Sparse forests 🌿
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Diplodocus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Diplodocus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Taylor, M. (2011)
Sauropod neck evolution
Upchurch, P. (2004)
Diplodocid dinosaurs

🌍 General information
Diplodocus was one of the longest dinosaurs.
Who lived in the Jurassic period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about how to hold the neck.
And was it raised or horizontal?

💡 Hypotheses
The tail may have been used to produce sounds.
or as protection against predators

8

🦕 Brachiosaurus

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Brachiosaurus altithorax

Period: ⏳
~154–153 million years ago (Late Jurassic)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Sauropod Dinosaur 🦕

🧾 Description

Brachiosaurus was a huge dinosaur 🐾
With an extremely tall body and a very long neck 🧩

Unlike other sauropods, its front legs were longer ⚠️
Which caused his body to be tilted upwards

Its neck was used to reach the tops of tall trees 🌿
And for eating leaves at high altitude

His head was relatively small.
With teeth suitable for chewing vegetation

His body was very massive.
And adapted to carry enormous weight

Its tail was short compared to other sauropods 🦴

He was a plant eater 🌿
and is considered one of the tallest dinosaurs

🌍 Where is it located?

Open forests 🌳
Areas rich in vegetation 🌿
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Brachiosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Brachiosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Taylor, M. (2011)
Sauropod posture
Upchurch, P. (2004)
Sauropod classification

🌍 General information
Brachiosaurus was one

9

🦖 Styracosaurus Triceratops

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Styracosaurus albertensis

Period: ⏳
~75 million years (Upper Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America (Canada) 🌍

Type: 🧾
Ceratopsian dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

The Styracosaurus was a large dinosaur 🐾
With a massive body and an especially impressive head 🧩

Its most prominent feature is its long horns ⚠️
protruding from the posterior crown of the skull

He also had a big horn on his nose 🦴
Used for defense or battles

The crown (collar) was also used for protection.
And also for display between details

His body was heavy and strong.
Adapted to life on four legs

He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on low vegetation

May have lived in herds
For protection against predators

🌍 Where is it located?

Open plains 🌳
Areas rich in vegetation 🌿
Canada 🌍

📚 Sources – Styracosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Royal Tyrrell Museum
https://tyrrellmuseum.com

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Styracosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Sampson, S. (1995)
Ceratopsian evolution
Dodson, P. (1996)
Horned dinosaurs

🌍 General information
Styracosaurus was one of the most impressive horned dinosaurs.
During the Cretaceous period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the horns.
Is it for protection or display?

💡 Hypotheses
They may have been used to attract mates.
or to identify between individuals

10

🦖 צנטרוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Centrosaurus apertus Centrosaurus apertus

Period: ⏳
~76–75 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America (Canada) 🌍

Type: 🧾
Ceratopsian dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Centrosaurus was a medium-sized dinosaur 🐾
With a strong body and a specially decorated head 🧩

Its most prominent feature is the large horn on its nose ⚠️
which was long and protruding forward

Unlike Triceratops, the horns above the eyes were smaller.

But the back crown was wide and decorated

The crown may have been used for display 🦴
And to identify between individuals

His body was heavy.
and adapted to walking on four legs

He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on low vegetation

Many fossils were found in large groups.
Which indicates that it lives in herds 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Open plains and forests 🌳
Canada 🌍

📚 Sources – Centrosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Royal Tyrrell Museum
https://tyrrellmuseum.com

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Centrosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Ryan, M. (2005)
Ceratopsian diversity
Sampson, S. (1995)
Horned dinosaurs

🌍 General information
Centrosaurus was one of the most common ceratopsians.
And lived in large herds

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate about the role of the crown and the crown
Is it for protection or display?

💡 Hypotheses
They may have been used to attract mates.
And for social media

11

🐌💙✨ דרקון כחול – יופי מסוכן צף 🧬🌊

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Triceratops horridus Triceratops

Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Ceratopsian dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

The Triceratops was a large dinosaur 🐾
With a heavy body and a huge, impressive head 🧩

Its most prominent feature is its three horns ⚠️
Two long horns above the eyes and one on the nose

Plus he had a big crown 🦴
Used for protection and display

His body was very massive.
and adapted to walking on four legs

The horns were used for protection against predators.
Like a tyrannosaurus

He was a plant eater 🌿
and feeds on tough vegetation

Considered one of the last dinosaurs
Before the Great Extinction 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Plains and forests 🌳
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Triceratops

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Triceratops
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Dodson, P. (1996)
Horned dinosaurs
Farke, A. (2006)
Ceratopsian behavior

🌍 General information
Triceratops was one of the most common dinosaurs.
At the end of the Cretaceous

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether the horns were primarily used for defense.
Or also for social display

💡 Hypotheses
They may have been used for fights between individuals.
And for choosing partners

12

🦖 סטגוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Stegosaurus stenops Stegosaurus

Period: ⏳
~155–150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)

Location: 📍
North America 🌍

Type: 🧾
Stegosaurus Dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

The Stegosaurus was a large dinosaur 🐾
With a heavy body and relatively short legs 🧩

Its most prominent feature is the large plates on its back ⚠️

which were arranged in two rows

The boards may have been used for heat regulation 🦴
Or for display and deterrence

At the end of its tail were four sharp spikes.
Which served as an effective defensive weapon

His head was very small in relation to his body.
With a relatively small brain

He was a plant eater 🌿

and feeds on low vegetation

Considered one of the most unique dinosaurs
In his body structure 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Plains and forests 🌳
North America 🌍

📚 Sources – Stegosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://naturalhistory.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Stegosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Carpenter, K. (1998)
Stegosaur studies
Fastovsky, D. (2005)
Dinosaur biology

🌍 General information
The Stegosaurus lived during the Jurassic period.
and was one of the most recognizable dinosaurs

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the boards.
Is it for temperature regulation or display?

💡 Hypotheses
They may also have been used to identify individuals.
Or to scare away predators

13

🦖 Velociraptor – Fossil and Reconstruction

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Velociraptor mongoliensis

Period: ⏳
~75–71 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
Mongolia and China 🌍

Type: 🧾
Predatory theropod dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Holociraptor was a small, fast dinosaur 🧬

His body was light and thin.
Adapted for fast running ⚡

His hind legs were very strong.
With a large, curved claw ⚠️

This claw was used for hunting.
and to harm the prey

His hands had three fingers 🦴

Probably with feathers

He had feathers 🪶
Similar to modern birds

He was a predator 🥩
and feeds on small animals

Considered one of the smartest dinosaurs
And the fastest 🌍

🦴 The fossil

Velociraptor fossils found in the Gobi Desert 🏜️

Saved due to fast sandstorms
that quickly covered the body

In the fossilization process 🧬

The tissues were replaced with minerals.

Almost complete skeletons were found
Includes claws and skull

A particularly famous fossil shows
Velociraptor fights Protoceratops ⚠️

These fossils are very important.
Understanding dinosaur behavior

The showcase displays:
Fossilized skeleton 🦴

And the restoration of the animal 🦖

🪶 The Restoration

The reconstruction shows the Holociraptor alive

Based on real skeletons
And on evidence of feathers

The colors are hairs 🎨

But the structure is accurate.

The combination of fossil and reconstruction
Allows for a full understanding of creation

🌍 Where is it located?

Deserts 🌵
Dry areas 🌍
Asia

📚 Sources – Velociraptor

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Stegosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Studies
Turner, A. et al.
Norell, M.

🌍 General information
Holociraptor was much smaller.
From representations in films

⚠️ Scientific discussion
It may have been completely covered in feathers.

💡 Hypotheses
May hunt in groups

14

🦖 אינדומינוס רקס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Indominus rex Indominus rex

Period: ⏳
Fictional work (Modern world – films)

Location: 📍
Jurassic World (Isla Nublar) 🌍

Type: 🧾
Genetically modified hybrid dinosaur 🧬🦖

🧾 Description

The Indominus Rex is a fictional creature 🐾
Genetically engineered in a laboratory 🧩

It is a combination of several dinosaurs.
Including Tyrannosaurus Rex, Velociraptor and others ⚠️

His body is very large and strong.
With the structure of a super predator

His teeth are extremely sharp 🦴
And adapted for tearing meat

He had special abilities.
Like partial camouflage and color change

In addition, he had high intelligence.
Similar to a Velociraptor 🧠

His behavior was very aggressive.
And difficult to control

It is considered one of the most dangerous creatures.
In the Jurassic World series 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Jurassic World Park 🌿
Isla Nublar 🌍

📚 Sources – Indominus rex

🔬 Scientific sources (fiction)
Jurassic World Official Database
https://www.jurassicworld.com

Universal Studios

📖 Information from movies
Jurassic World (2015)
Jurassic World Evolution (Game)

🌍 General information
The Indominus Rex was created to attract an audience
And create a dinosaur that is "more impressive" than the real ones

⚠️ Scientific discussion

There is no real scientific basis for such a creature.
And it is considered completely fictional.

💡 Hypotheses
The character reflects concerns about genetic engineering
and mastery of advanced technology

15

🦖 Compsognathus

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Compsognathus longipes Compsognathus longipes

Period: ⏳
~150 million years (Upper Jurassic)

Location: 📍
Europe (Germany, France) 🌍

Type: 🧾
Small theropod dinosaur 🦖

🧾 Description

Compsognathus was a very small dinosaur 🐾
One of the smallest discovered 🧩

His body was light and thin.
Adapted for fast running

His tail was very long ⚠️

and used to maintain balance

His hind legs were strong.
And adapt to fast traffic

His hands were small with claws 🦴

Used to capture prey

His teeth were sharp.
Adapted for eating small animals

He was a predator 🥩

and feeds on lizards and small creatures

Considered a very agile dinosaur
In its ecosystem 🌍

🦴 Explanation of the fossil

The fossil of Compsognathus represents a skeleton preserved in sedimentary rock 🪨

After his death, his body was quickly covered in fine sediment.

In a process called fossilization 🧬

The organic materials were replaced by minerals.

This is how the bone structure is preserved in detail.
Includes spine, tail, and limbs

Compsognathus fossils are among the most complete
Therefore, they are very important for scientific research.

The showcase displays two forms of representation:
Fossilized skeleton 🦴

And the restoration of the living animal 🦖

This also allows us to understand the anatomical structure.
And also the original appearance of the dinosaur

🌍 Where is it located?

Coastal areas 🌊
Ancient Islands 🌿
Europe 🌍

📚 Sources – Compsognathus

🔬 Scientific sources
Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Compsognathus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Ostrom, J. (1978)
Small theropods
Peyer, B. (2006)
Compsognathus fossils

🌍 General information
Compsognathus was one of the smallest dinosaurs.
And lived in the Jurassic period

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies examining the relationship
Between him and early birds

💡 Hypotheses
It may have been partially feathered.

16

🦖👑 טירנוזאורוס רקס – מלך הדינוזאורים 🧬🌍

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Tyrannosaurus rex Tyrannosaurus rex

Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌎

Type: 🧾
Predatory Dinosaur – Theropod 🦖

🧾 Description

Tyrannosaurus Rex was one of the largest predators 🦖

He had a very big head 🦷
With strong, sharp teeth

Its jaw was one of the strongest in the animal world.
And could crush bones

Walked on two legs 🐾
With strong hind legs

His front hands were very small.
But strong

Its long tail helped it maintain balance.

Considered a predator
At the end of the food chain 🌍

🦴 Fossil (skeleton)

Tyrannosaurus skeletons were found in relatively good condition 🦴

Fossils allow us to understand:
✔ Body structure
✔ Bite force
✔ The form of movement

Complete skeletons are displayed in museums
and constitute a major source of research

🌍 Where is it located?

Terrestrial areas with rivers and forests 🌳
In a relatively warm environment

📚 Sources – Tyrannosaurus rex

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Tyrannosaurus rex
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Osborn, H.F. (1905)
Tyrannosaurus rex: description of a new genus

🌍 General information
Tyrannosaurus Rex lived about 68–66 million years ago.
And was one of the last dinosaurs before the extinction of the dinosaurs.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is debate as to whether it was an active predator.
Or also carrion eater

💡 Hypotheses
He may have been both a hunter and a scavenger.
Depending on the occasion

17

🦡 יורמאיה סיננסיס – יונק קדום

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Juramaia sinensis Juramaia sinensis

Period: ⏳
~160 million years (Upper Jurassic)

Location: 📍
China 🇨🇳 (Tiaojishan Formation)

Type: 🧾
An ancient mammal – one of the first in the group of placental mammals 🐾

🧾 Description

Jeremiah sinensis is one of the earliest known mammals 🧬

His body was very small, resembling a mouse 🐁
Adapted to life in trees 🌳

He had sharp claws 🐾
That helped him climb and hold on to the branches

The structure of his teeth 🦷
Indicates a diet of insects and perhaps also small plants 🐜🌿

Its anatomical structure shows
An early stage in the development of placental mammals

Considered an important ancestor
of the group of modern mammals, including humans 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Dense, humid forests 🌳
With a warm climate and rich vegetation

Living alongside dinosaurs 🦖
During the Jurassic period

📚 Sources – Juramaia sinensis

🔬 Scientific sources
Nature Journal (2011) – A Jurassic eutherian mammal
https://www.nature.com

Smithsonian Institution – Early Mammals
https://humanorigins.si.edu

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Early Mammals
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Luo, Z.-X. et al. (2011)
A Jurassic eutherian mammal and divergence of marsupials and placentals

🌍 General information
Yurmaia lived about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period,
and is considered one of the earliest placental mammals discovered.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy over its exact position in the evolutionary tree.
And does it indeed belong directly to the lineage of placental mammals?

💡 Hypotheses
Jeremiah may represent a very early stage

18

🧬 עוברים של דינוזאורים – מדע מול דמיון

📊 Scientific data

Name: 🧬
Dinosaur embryos (representations)

Dinosaurs: 🦖

Velociraptor
Tyrannosaurus
Triceratops Triceratops
Ankylosaurus Ankylosaurus
Brachiosaurus Brachiosaurus
Stegosaurus

Period: ⏳
Mesozoic Era
(Jurassic and Cretaceous)

Type: 🧾
Educational reconstructions – simulated specimens 🧪

🧾 Description

The specimens show dinosaur embryos 🥚
In a liquid, similar to laboratories

They are based on scientific inspiration.
But they are not real samples.

Real dinosaur embryos
Found only as fossils inside eggs

In theropods like Velociraptor 🦖
The embryo folds in a way similar to birds 🐦

In larger dinosaurs
Like a Brachiosaurus
The fetuses had very long necks.

In Triceratops and Ankylosaurus
The body was heavy and protected.

🎬 Fictional part – Jurassic Park

In the movie "Jurassic Park" 🎥
Scientists create dinosaurs
Using DNA found in amber 🧬

Embryos develop in the laboratory
Inside special liquids 🧪

⚠️ In reality:
Dinosaur DNA wasn't preserved long enough.
Therefore, they cannot be restored like this.

🧪 What is it really?

The samples are:
✔ Educational models
✔ Artistic restorations
✔ Imaging of embryos

Sometimes made of silicone or resin

Used for illustration in museums 🎓

📚 Sources

🔬 Nature - Dinosaur embryos
https://www.nature.com

Smithsonian - Dinosaur reproduction
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

⚠️ Scientific discussion

There is ongoing research on
Embryonic development in dinosaurs

And the direct connection to birds

💡 Hypotheses

It is possible that the fetus's behavior
Before hatching

Same as that of modern birds

19

🦖 Dinosaur footprint – ichnofossil

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Ichnofossil – Dinosaur Track Footprint

Period: ⏳
Jurassic–Cretaceous (depending on the find)

Location: 📍
Global 🌍

Type: 🧾
Ichnofossil – Trace Fossil 🐾

🧾 Description

This is a dinosaur footprint 🦖
Preserved in rock for millions of years

Such imprints are created when
Dinosaur stepping on soft mud 🐾

And then the mud hardens
And turns into rock

The imprint shows three fingers 👣
Typical characteristic of theropod dinosaurs

such as Velociraptor or Tyrannosaurus

Imprints allow us to understand:
✔ How the dinosaur walked 🚶‍♂️
✔ What was its speed?
✔ Is moving in a group?

🌍 Where is it located?

Ancient areas of rivers and lakes 🌊
There the mud was preserved and hardened.

📚 Sources

🔬 Smithsonian – Dinosaur Tracks
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum – Trace fossils
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Trace Fossils
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Lockley, M. (1991)
Tracking Dinosaurs

🌍 General information
Ichnofossils are fossils of activity.
and not of the body itself

⚠️ Scientific discussion

Sometimes difficult to identify
Which dinosaur exactly created the imprint?

💡 Hypotheses

Such prints may have been created
By bipedal predatory dinosaurs

20

💀 Fossilized Skulls – Anatomical Comparison

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Vertebrata – fossil skulls (representations)

Period: ⏳
Variable – from the Mesozoic to the present day

Location: 📍
Global 🌍

Type: 🧾
Skulls / Anatomical reconstructions 💀

🧾 Description

The specimen shows a variety of small skulls 🦴

Each skull belongs to a different type of animal.

The structure of the skull varies depending on:
✔ Type of diet 🍽️
✔ Body structure 🧬
✔ Living environment 🌍

Skulls with long jaws
Indicative of predators 🐊

Short and wide skulls
Characteristics of herbivores 🐢

The structure of the eyes and jaw
Allows you to understand how the animal lives

🌍 Where is it located?

Such fossils are found in rocks.
or recreated in laboratories

📚 Sources

🔬 Smithsonian – Vertebrate Anatomy
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

📖 Research and publications
Romer, A. (1966)
Vertebrate Paleontology

🌍 General information
Skulls are one of the most important parts
To identify ancient animals

⚠️ Scientific discussion

Sometimes it is difficult to identify the exact gender
Only according to the skull

21

🦖 סטגוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Stegosaurus Stegosaurus

Period: ⏳
~155–150 million years ago (Late Jurassic)

Location: 📍
North America 🌎

Type: 🧾
Vegetarian Dinosaur – Ornithischian 🦕

🧾 Description

Stegosaurus was a large, slow dinosaur 🐢
Heavy and short-bodied

Walked on four legs 🐾
And was adapted to slow movement

Its most notable feature:
Large panels along the back 🛡️

They may have been used for defense.
Or to regulate body temperature 🌡️

His tail had sharp spikes ⚔️

Used for protection against predators

His head was very small 🧠
With a relatively small brain

Considered one of the most recognizable dinosaurs
From the Jurassic period 🌍

🌍 Where is it located?

Open areas with vegetation 🌿
And sparse forests 🌳

📚 Sources – Stegosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Stegosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Gilmore, C.W. (1914)
Osteology of Stegosaurus

🌍 General information
Stegosaurus lived about 155–150 million years ago during the Jurassic period,
And was one of the most prominent herbivorous dinosaurs.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the plates on his back.
Were they used for protection, heat regulation, or display?

💡 Hypotheses
The tablets may also have been used for visual communication.
Between individuals of the same species.

22

🦕 ברכיוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Brachiosaurus Brachiosaurus

Period: ⏳
~154–150 million years ago (Upper Jurassic)

Location: 📍
North America and Africa 🌍

Type: 🧾
Vegetarian Dinosaur – Sauropod 🦕

🧾 Description

Brachiosaurus was one of the largest dinosaurs 🐘

He had a very long neck 🦒
That allowed him to reach the treetops 🌳

His front legs were longer.
From the hind legs

This structure gave it high stability.
Similar to a giraffe

It feeds on tall plants 🌿
that other dinosaurs couldn't reach

Despite its enormous size
Be a vegetarian, not a carnivore.

🌍 Where is it located?

Open forests and areas with tall trees 🌳
In a hot and humid environment

📚 Sources – Brachiosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Brachiosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Riggs, E. S. (1903)
Structure and Relationships of Brachiosaurus

🌍 General information
Brachiosaurus lived about 154–150 million years ago during the Jurassic period,
and is considered one of the tallest dinosaurs that ever lived.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There are studies on how he breathes.
And how did he manage to pump blood into his long neck?

💡 Hypotheses
The long neck may have been used
Also for display or communication

23

🦏 טריצרטופס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Triceratops Triceratops

Period: ⏳
~68–66 million years ago (Late Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌎

Type: 🧾
Vegetarian Dinosaur – Carnosauria 🦕

🧾 Description

Triceratops was a large, herbivorous dinosaur 🐢

It had three prominent horns 🦏
Two above the eyes and one on the nose.

His head was very big.
With a wide bone shield (Peril) 🛡️

The shield was used for protection.
And maybe also for display

He had a strong source 🦷
Which allowed him to eat tough plants 🌿

Walked on four legs 🐾
And he had a heavy and strong body.

🦴 Fossil (skull)

Triceratops skulls
Found in excellent condition 💀

They are among the most impressive fossils

The fossil allows us to understand:
✔ The structure of the horns
✔ Jaw strength
✔ Defense mechanisms

🌍 Where is it located?

Open areas with vegetation 🌿
And wide plains

📚 Sources – Triceratops

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Triceratops
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Marsh, O.C. (1889)
Discovery of Triceratops

🌍 General information
Triceratops lived about 68–66 million years ago.
And was one of the last dinosaurs before extinction.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is controversy about the role of the horns.
Whether they were used for defense or in fights between individuals

💡 Hypotheses
The horns may also have been used
For display and attracting mates

24

🦖 אקרוקנתוזאורוס

📊 Scientific data

Scientific name: 🧬
Acrocanthosaurus Acrocanthosaurus

Period: ⏳
~125–100 million years ago (Lower Cretaceous)

Location: 📍
North America 🌎

Type: 🧾
Predatory Dinosaur – Theropod 🦖

🧾 Description

Acrocanthosaurus was a large carnivorous dinosaur 🦖

He had a strong and muscular body 💪
With a big head and sharp teeth 🦷

Walked on two legs 🐾
And was an active hunter

Its most notable feature:
High spine along the back 🦴

This structure created a kind of "ridge"
Along the back

It may have been used for:
✔ Strong muscle connection
✔ Display
✔ Heat regulation

🦴 Fossil (skeleton)

Acrocanthosaurus skeletons found well 🦴

The fossils show:
✔ Unique back structure
✔ Body strength
✔ Hunting abilities

Skeletons are displayed in museums
and are used for important research

🌍 Where is it located?

Areas of forests and plains 🌳
In a hot and humid environment

📚 Sources – Acrocanthosaurus

🔬 Scientific sources
Smithsonian Institution
https://www.si.edu

Natural History Museum
https://www.nhm.ac.uk

Encyclopaedia Britannica – Acrocanthosaurus
https://www.britannica.com

📖 Research and publications
Stovall, JW & Langston, W. (1950)
Acrocanthosaurus description

🌍 General information
Acrocanthosaurus lived about 125–100 million years ago.
And he was one of the greatest predators of his time.

⚠️ Scientific discussion
There is research on the role of the upper spine.
And was it used for display or movement?

💡 Hypotheses
The ridge on the back may have served as
For visual communication between individuals